SQL Courses

Online Instructor-led (1 days)

Online Self-paced (8 hours)

Introduction to SQL Course Outline

Module 1: SQL-An Overview

  • DBMS and RDBMS
  • Introduction to SQL
  • SQL Environmental Setup

Module 2: Data Constraint, Keys and Datatypes

  • Introduction
  • Constraints
  • Keys
  • Data types

Module 3: Normalisation

  • What is Normalisation?
  • Types of normalisation

Module 4: Creating Databases and Tables

  • Types of SQL Commands
  • DDL Statements
  • DML Statements
  • TCL Statements

Module 5: Clauses and Aggregate Functions

  • Group by Clause
  • Aggregate Functions
  • Where Clause
  • Having and Order by Clause
  • Distinct Clause

Module 6: Joins

  • Aliases
  • Joins
  • Inner Join
  • Outer Join
  • Right Outer Join

Module 7: Views

  • Introduction to Views
  • Advantages
  • Types of Views
  • Simple View
  • Complex View
  • Operations

Module 8: Triggers

  • Introduction to Triggers
  • Advantages
  • Disadvantages
  • Hands-on

Show moredown

Who should attend this Introduction to SQL Course?

This course is desaigned for individuals who want to learn the fundamentals of Structured Query Language (SQL) for database management and data manipulation. These SQL Courses will benefit a wide range of professionals, including:

  • Data Analysts
  • Database Administrators
  • Software Developers
  • Business Intelligence Analysts
  • Database Developers
  • IT Professionals
  • Systems Analysts

Prerequisites of the Introduction to SQL Course

There are no formal prerequisites to attend the Introduction to SQL Course. However, a basic knowledge of computers and databases can be beneficial for delegates.

Introduction to SQL Course Overview

SQL (Structured Query Language) is the cornerstone of database management and data manipulation. SQL is crucial in accessing, managing, and analysing data stored in relational databases. Its relevance lies in enabling professionals to extract insights, generate reports, and make data-driven decisions efficiently.

Proficiency in SQL is essential across various professions, including Data Analysts, Database Administrators, Software Developers, and Business Analysts. Mastering SQL empowers these professionals to retrieve and manipulate data effectively, enhance decision-making processes, and contribute significantly to organisational success by leveraging data resources.

This intensive 1-day training session offered by The Knowledge Academy equips delegates with foundational SQL skills. Delegates will grasp the fundamentals of querying databases, understanding data structures, and manipulating data using SQL commands. Practical exercises and real-world examples ensure hands-on experience, enabling delegates to apply their learning directly in their roles.

Course Objectives

  • To comprehend the fundamental principles of SQL
  • To learn various SQL commands for data retrieval and manipulation
  • To understand database design and management
  • To apply SQL queries to solve practical business problems
  • To grasp the significance of data integrity within databases
  • To acquire proficiency in writing complex SQL queries
  • To practice optimising database performance
  • To employ SQL in extracting valuable insights from data

After completing this training, delegates receive a certification attesting to their proficiency in SQL fundamentals. This certification validates their ability to navigate databases, write effective queries, and leverage SQL for data analysis and management.

Show moredown

What’s included in this Introduction to SQL Training Course?

  • World-Class Training Sessions from Experienced Instructors  
  • Introduction to SQL Certificate
  • Digital Delegate Pack

Show moredown

Online Instructor-led (2 days)

Online Self-paced (16 hours)

Advanced SQL Training Course Outline

Module 1: Creating Tables

  • Creating Tables in SQL
  • Inserting Data
  • Inserting Multiple Rows
  • View Table

Module 2: Stored Procedure Basics

  • Pros and Cons of Stored Procedures 
  • Creating Stored Procedures
  • Two Ways to Execute
  • System Stored Procedures

Module 3: Variables

  • Declaring Variables
  • SET Versus SELECT
  • Global Variables
  • Tricks with Variables

Module 4: Parameters and Return Values

  • Passing Parameters
  • Default Values and WHERE Clauses
  • Output Parameters
  • Using RETURN

Module 5: Scalar Functions

  • Introduction to Scalar Functions
  • Various Scalar Functions
  • Advantages of Scalar Functions

Module 6: Testing Conditions

  • IF/ELSE Conditions
  • Using CASE Where Possible

Module 7: Looping

  • While Loop
  • Breaking Out of a Loop
  • Basic Transactions
  • Using DELETE and UPDATE
  • Sys.Objects

Module 8: Temporary Tables and Table Variables

  • Using Temporary Tables
  • Creating Table Variables
  • Pros and Cons of Each Approach

Module 9: Table Valued Functions

  • In-line Table-Valued Functions
  • Multi-Statement Table-Valued Functions
  • Limitations of User-Defined Functions

Module 10: Derived Tables and CTEs

  • Using Derived Tables
  • Common Table Expressions (CTEs)
  • Recursive CTEs

Module 11: Subqueries

  • Subquery
  • Using ALL, ANY and IN
  • Correlated Subqueries
  • Using EXISTS

Module 12: Cursors

  • What is Cursor?
  • Life Cycle of Cursor
  • Types of Cursor
  • Syntax of Fetching Rows

Module 13: Error-Handling

  • Using TRY/CATCH
  • System Error Functions
  • Custom Error Messages
  • Obsolete @Error Function
  • SQL Server Debugger

Show moredown

Who should attend this Advanced SQL Course?

The Advanced SQL Training Course is designed for individuals who want to strengthen their knowledge of Structured Query Language (SQL) and learn advanced techniques for database management and data manipulation. This course will benefit a wide range of professionals, including:

  • Database Administrators
  • Data Analysts
  • Business Intelligence Developers
  • Software Developers
  • Data Scientists
  • Data Engineers
  • System Architects
  • Application Developers

Prerequisites of the Advanced SQL Course

There are no formal prerequisites to attend the Advanced SQL Course Online. However, delegates are recommended to have a foundational understanding of SQL.

Advanced SQL Course Overview

The Advanced SQL Training Course delves into complex database querying, optimisation, and management techniques. As data becomes more crucial across industries, SQL proficiency is indispensable. This course explores advanced SQL concepts like stored procedures, triggers, advanced joins, and query optimisation strategies, empowering individuals to tackle intricate database challenges proficiently.

Proficiency in Advanced SQL is essential for Data Engineers, Analysts, and Database Administrators aiming to optimise database performance and handle intricate data operations. Mastering this subject allows professionals to streamline database systems, enhance data retrieval efficiency, and unlock deeper insights, enabling better decision-making from complex datasets.

This intensive 2-day Advanced SQL Training equips delegates with specialised skills to navigate complex databases efficiently. Delegates will gain hands-on experience crafting intricate queries, optimising database performance, and implementing advanced SQL functionalities. The course focuses on practical applications, providing real-world scenarios for comprehensive understanding and immediate implementation.

Course Objectives

  • To understand and implement complex SQL queries with multiple joins and subqueries
  • To utilise advanced SQL functions, stored procedures, and triggers effectively
  • To optimise database performance through indexing and query optimisation techniques
  • To master techniques for managing large datasets and data integrity in SQL
  • To comprehend and apply transaction management and concurrency control methods
  • To practice advanced SQL techniques through hands-on exercises and case studies

After completing this SQL Training, delegates will receive a certification acknowledging their proficiency in Advanced SQL. This SQL Course is a testament to their expertise in handling complex databases, optimising query performance, and effectively managing intricate data scenarios, enhancing their career prospects in the data-driven industry.

Show moredown

What’s included in this Advanced SQL Course?

  • World-Class Training Sessions from Experienced Instructors  
  • Advanced SQL Certificate
  • Digital Delegate Pack

Show moredown

Online Instructor-led (1 days)

Online Self-paced (8 hours)

Introduction to MySQL Course Outline

Module 1: Database Concepts

  • Databases
  • Databases Management System (DBMS)
  • Characteristics of a Database
  • Users of a Database
  • Types of Database Management Systems
    • Relational Database
    • Hierarchal Database
    • Network Database Model
    • Object-oriented Models

Module 2: Using MySQL Client

  • Introduction
  • Using MySQL Client
  • Installation of MySQL
    • Installing MySQL on Linux/Unix
    • Installing MySQL on Windows
  • MySQL Client Programs
    • Types

Module 3: Date, Time and Other Functions

  • Date and Time Functions
  • String Functions
  • Control Flow Functions

Module 4: Managing Data

  • Ways to Manage Data
    • Exporting Data to a Simple CSV File
    • Exporting Data to a Custom File Format
    • Import Data from a Simple CSV File
    • Import Data from Custom File Formats

Module 5: Limit, Aggregate and Union Functions

  • Limit Functions
  • Aggregate Function
    • Types of Aggregate Functions
  • Union Function

Module 6: Indexes and Views

  • Indexes
  • Views

Module 7: Basic Select Function

  • SELECT Command

Show moredown

Who should attend this Introduction to MySQL Course?

The Introduction to MySQL Courses is designed for delegates who want to learn the basics of MySQL, a popular open-source Relational Database Management System. This SQL Courses can be beneficial for a wide range of professionals, including:

  • Database Administrators
  • Software Developers
  • Data Analysts
  • Business Intelligence Analysts
  • Web Developers
  • Application Engineers
  • IT Professionals

Prerequisites of the Introduction to MySQL Course

There are no formal prerequisites to attend this Introduction to MySQL Courses. However, some basic knowledge of computers, databases and basics of SQL can be beneficial for delegates before attending this SQL Courses.

Introduction to MySQL Training Course Overview

MySQL is a popular open-source Relational Database Management System that powers numerous web applications, making it integral to understanding data management. This course delves into its fundamentals, covering database creation, querying, and management, pivotal in the digital age's data-driven landscape.

Proficiency in SQL Courses can benefit Developers, Data Analysts, and Administrators. It enables efficient data handling, enhances application scalability, and aids in making informed business decisions. Mastery of this course empowers professionals to navigate data-centric roles and contribute significantly to organisational growth.

This intensive 1-day training by The Knowledge Academy provides a comprehensive introduction to MySQL, equipping delegates with foundational skills in database creation, querying, and management. Practical exercises and real-world examples ensure a hands-on understanding, empowering delegates to engage confidently with databases in their professional endeavours.

Course Objectives

  • To comprehend the fundamental concepts of relational databases
  • To learn how to create and manage MySQL databases effectively
  • To execute basic to intermediate SQL queries for data retrieval
  • To understand the importance of data normalisation and its application
  • To grasp the concepts of table relationships and their significance
  • To explore data manipulation techniques using MySQL
  • To comprehend security aspects related to MySQL databases

After completing these SQL Courses, delegates will receive a certification recognising their proficiency in MySQL Fundamentals. These SQL Courses testify to their capability to handle MySQL databases effectively, boosting their credentials in the competitive landscape of data-driven roles.

Show moredown

What’s included in this Introduction to MySQL Course?

  • World-Class Training Sessions from Experienced Instructors  
  • Introduction to MySQL Certificate
  • Digital Delegate Pack

Show moredown

Online Instructor-led (1 days)

Online Self-paced (8 hours)

SQL Server Reporting Services (SSRS) Masterclass Outline

Module 1: Introducing SQL Server Reporting Services (SSRS)

  • What is SSRS?
  • SSRS Utilisation
  • Visual Studio Windows
  • Enterprise Reporting
  • Dashboard, Applications, and Reports

Module 2: Reporting Services Framework

  • Installation and Deployment
  • Reporting Lifecycle
  • SRSS Tools and Components
  • SRSS Extensions and Processors
  • How SSRS Works?
  • Creating Database
  • Connecting Database

Module 3: Simple Report Design

  • Creating Reports
  • Components of a Report
  • SQL Server Data Tools and BIDS
  • Report Builder
  • Textbox and Text Properties
  • Toolbars

Module 4: Layout and Formatting

  • Report Layout Types
  • Formatting Report Data
  • Tablix Report Properties 
  • Matrix Reports Properties
  • Map Reports Properties
  • Gauge Reports Properties
  • Page Breaks
  • Dynamic Filtering

Module 5: Advanced Report Design

  • Report Templates
  • SubReports
  • Drill Through and Drill Down Reports
  • SSRS Functions and Operators
  • Padded and Embedded Formatting
  • Non-SQL Data Sources
  • Building Queries

Modules 6: Tables and Charts Reports

  • Creating and Formatting Tables
  • Nested Tables
  • Creating and Formatting Charts
  • Creating Multi-Series Charts
  • Properties and Settings
  • Chart Properties

Modules 7: Data Access Design

  • Data Sources and Sets
  • Types of Filters in SSRS
  • Report Parameters and Filtering
  • Creating Lists

Module 8: Content Management and Server Administration

  • Navigating Report Manager
  • Organising Reports and Datasets
  • Managing Reports and Data Sources
  • Data Source Security
  • Report Service Authentication
  • Managing Data Security from Report Manager
  • Backup

Show moredown

Who should attend this SQL Server Reporting Services Masterclass?

The SQL Server Reporting Services (SSRS) Masterclass is designed for individuals who want to become proficient in creating, designing, and managing reports using SQL Server Reporting Services. This SQL Certification Course can be beneficial for a wide range of professionals, including:

  • Report Developers
  • Data Analysts
  • Database Administrators
  • BI Consultants
  • SQL Developers
  • Data Visualisation Specialists
  • IT Professionals

Prerequisites of the SQL Server Reporting Services Masterclass

There are no formal prerequisites to attend the SQL Server Reporting Services Masterclass. However, some basic knowledge of SQL concepts, such as creating tables, inserting data, and selecting data can be beneficial for delegates.

SQL Server Reporting Services (SSRS) Masterclass Overview

SQL Server Reporting Services (SSRS) is vital for data visualisation and report generation. Its relevance lies in enabling businesses to extract meaningful insights from their data, facilitating informed decision-making and strategic planning. This comprehensive course dives into SSRS functionalities, empowering delegates to leverage data effectively for impactful reporting.

Proficiency in this SQL Course is crucial for Data Analysts, Business Intelligence Professionals, and Database Administrators. Mastering SSRS equips them to create dynamic, interactive reports, offering a competitive edge in interpreting and presenting complex data. Organisations seeking efficient data communication rely on experts well-versed in SSRS for streamlined reporting solutions.

This intensive 1-day training equips delegates with comprehensive knowledge of SSRS. Delegates will grasp report design techniques, learn to create dynamic reports, and understand how to manage report deployment effectively. The training focuses on practical application, ensuring attendees can immediately implement SSRS in their respective work environments.

Course Objectives

  • To comprehend SSRS architecture and its components
  • To design and create diverse report types using SSRS functionalities
  • To implement data visualisation techniques for impactful reporting
  • To understand SSRS security and deployment strategies
  • To optimise report performance and enhance user interactivity
  • To integrate SSRS with other Microsoft tools for comprehensive reporting
  • To troubleshoot common SSRS issues effectively

After completing this SQL Course Online, delegates receive a certification validating their expertise in SSRS. These SQL Courses demonstrate proficiency in designing, implementing, and managing robust reporting solutions using SQL Server Reporting Services, enhancing career prospects in data analytics and business intelligence.

Show moredown

What’s included in this SQL Server Reporting Services Masterclass?

  • World-Class Training Sessions from Experienced Instructors   
  • SQL Server Reporting Services Certificate
  • Digital Delegate Pack

Show moredown

Online Instructor-led (1 days)

Online Self-paced (8 hours)

PostgreSQL Administration Training Course Outline

Module 1: Introduction

  • What is PostgreSQL?
  • Why use PostgreSQL?
  • Conventions
  • Bug Reporting

Module 2: Getting Started with PostgreSQL

  • Installation
  • Verify the Installation
  • Architectural Fundamentals
  • Creating and Assessing a Database
  • Installation from Binaries

Module 3: Advanced Features

  • Views
  • Foreign Keys
  • Transactions
  • Window Functions
  • Inheritance

Module 4: SQL Language

  • What is SQL?
  • Why SQL?
  • Applications of SQL
  • Joins Between Tables
  • Aggregate Functions
  • Updates
  • Deletions

Module 5: SQL Language Functions

  • SQL Syntax
  • Data Types
  • Functions and Operators
  • Indexes
  • Full Text Search
  • Concurrency Control
  • Performance Tips
  • Parallel Queries

Module 6: Database Administration

  • Database Roles
  • Managing Databases
  • Localisation
  • Routine Database Maintenance Tasks
  • Backup and Restore
  • High Availability, Load Balancing, and Replication
  • Monitoring Disk Usage
  • Reliability and Write-Ahead Log
  • Logical Replication
  • Just-in-Time Compilation (JIT)
  • Regression Tests

Module 7: Client Interfaces

  • Large Objects
  • ECPG – Embedded SQL in C
  • Information Schema

Module 8: Server Programming

  • Triggers
  • Event Triggers
  • Rule System
  • Background Worker Processor
  • Logical Decoding
  • Replication Process Tracking

Module 9: Procedural Languages

  • Introduction
  • PL/pgSQL – SQL Procedural Language
  • PL/Tcl – Tcl Procedural Language
  • PL/Python – Python Procedural Language0

Module 10: Internals

  • Overview of PostgreSQL Internals
  • System Catalogs
  • Frontend/Backend Protocol
  • PostgreSQL Coding Conventions
  • Native Language Support

Module 11: Writing

  • Procedural Language Handler
  • Foreign Data Wrapper
  • Table Sampling Method
  • Custom Scan Provider

Module 12: Query, Access, and Records

  • Genetic Query Optimiser
  • Table Access Method Interface Definition
  • Index Access Method Interface Definition
  • Generic WAL Records

Module 13: Indexes

  • B-Tree Indexes
  • Behaviour of B-Tree Operator Classes
  • GiST Indexes
  • SP-GiST Indexes
  • GIN Indexes
  • BRIN Indexes
  • Hash Indexes

Module 14: Storage and Format

  • Database Physical Storage
  • System Catalog Declarations and Initial Contents
  • Backup Manifest Format

Show moredown

Who should attend this PostgreSQL Administration Training Course?

The PostgreSQL Administration Training Course is tailored for individuals seeking to become proficient in managing and optimising PostgreSQL database systems. This SQL Online Course can be beneficial for a wide range of professionals, including:

  • Database Administrators
  • System Administrators
  • Database Developers
  • Software Engineers
  • IT Managers
  • Data Analysts
  • DevOps Engineers

Prerequisites of the PostgreSQL Administration Training Course

There are no formal prerequisites required for PostgreSQL Administration Training Course. However, basic understanding of relational databases and SQL concepts can be beneficial for delegates.

 

PostgreSQL Administration Training Course Overview

PostgreSQL Administration covers the foundational skills needed to effectively manage, maintain, and optimise PostgreSQL databases. As one of the most advanced open-source relational database systems, PostgreSQL's relevance lies in its scalability, extensibility, and robust feature set, making it the perfect choice for various applications, from small projects to enterprise-level solutions.

Proficiency in PostgreSQL Administration under SQL Courses is crucial for Database Administrators, System Architects, and Developers seeking comprehensive knowledge in managing PostgreSQL environments. Understanding its intricacies ensures efficient data organisation, system performance tuning, and secure data handling.

This intensive 1-day training empowers delegates with hands-on experience in PostgreSQL's administrative aspects, including installation, configuration, backup, and performance optimisation. Delegates gain practical insights into resolving common issues, implementing security measures, and leveraging advanced features.

Course Objectives

  • To comprehend PostgreSQL architecture and its administrative components
  • To perform installations and configurations effectively
  • To execute backups, restores, and disaster recovery plans proficiently
  • To implement security measures and user access controls
  • To optimise database performance through indexing and query tuning
  • To troubleshoot and resolve common PostgreSQL issues
  • To explore advanced functionalities for scalability and high availability

After completing these SQL Courses Online, delegates receive a certification acknowledging their expertise in PostgreSQL Administration. These SQL Courses validate their skills in efficiently managing PostgreSQL environments, enhancing their credibility and employability in roles demanding database administration proficiency.

Show moredown

What’s included in this PostgreSQL Administration Training Course?

  • World-Class Training Sessions from Experienced Instructors
  • PostgreSQL Administration Certificate
  • Digital Delegate Pack

Show moredown

Not sure which course to choose?

Speak to a training expert for advice if you are unsure of what course is right for you. Give us a call on +44 1344 203 999 or Enquire.

Package deals for SQL Courses

Our training experts have compiled a range of course packages on a variety of categories in SQL Courses, to boost your career. The packages consist of the best possible qualifications with SQL Courses, and allows you to purchase multiple courses at a discounted rate.

Swipe for more. Don’t miss out!

SQL Courses FAQs

SQL (Structured Query Language) is a programming language used for managing and manipulating relational databases. It provides a standardised way to communicate with databases, allowing users to retrieve, insert, update, and delete data efficiently.
SQL Certification offers career advancement by showcasing expertise, validating SQL proficiency for higher-paying roles, and establishing industry recognition, affirming commitment to mastering database management and querying. Learn SQL with our SQL Training from experienced world-class instructors.
There are various SQL Certifications available, including vendor-specific certifications such as Microsoft SQL Server, Oracle Database SQL, and MySQL certifications, as well as vendor-neutral certifications like the ANSI SQL Certification, which focuses on standard SQL syntax and principles, allowing professionals to demonstrate their proficiency across different database platforms.
The prerequisites of the SQL Training Courses vary according to the specific courses. Please refer to the respective course pages for more details.
The duration of the SQL Training Courses varies according to the specific courses. Please refer to the respective course pages for more details.
SQL Training Courses by The Knowledge Academy are ideal for professionals seeking to enhance their database management skills. Attendees include IT professionals, Database Administrators, Analysts, and Developers aiming to master SQL queries, database design, and management techniques for improved performance in their roles.
A SQL Developer designs, builds, and maintains databases using SQL (Structured Query Language). They write queries to retrieve, manipulate, and manage data, ensuring databases are efficient and accurate. This role is crucial for data-driven organisations in managing information effectively.
In SQL Courses, delegates will have intensive training sessions with our experienced instructors, a digital delegate pack consisting of important notes related to this course, and a certificate after course completion. Learn SQL with our SQL Training from experienced world-class instructors.
The Knowledge Academy provides flexible self-paced training for SQL Courses. Self-paced training is beneficial for individuals who have an independent learning style and wish to study at their own pace and convenience.
After completing SQL Courses, you can expect roles such as Database Administrator, Data Analyst, Business Intelligence Developer, or SQL Developer. These positions involve managing databases, analysing data, and developing SQL queries.
In this SQL Training Course, you'll learn fundamental and advanced SQL concepts including database design, querying data using SQL commands, optimising database performance, and managing database security. Gain practical skills for efficient database management and analysis.
If you face any issues in accessing the course materials, then you can reach out to our customer support team who will provide you with quick assistance to resolve the issue.
Yes, we provide corporate training for SQL Courses, tailored to fit your organisation’s requirements.
SQL exams usually require a basic grasp of database concepts, knowledge of SQL syntax, and practical experience with SQL querying.
Both SQL and Python are valuable in different contexts. SQL is crucial for managing and querying databases efficiently, while Python is versatile, used for a wide range of tasks including data analysis, machine learning, and automation.
After completing SQL Training, explore advanced courses in data analytics, database administration, or Python. Enhance your expertise through certifications and practical projects to boost your career opportunities.
Yes, SQL requires coding. It's a domain-specific language used for managing and manipulating relational databases. Writing SQL queries involves constructing commands to interact with databases, retrieve, insert, update, or delete data.
In terms of complexity, SQL is generally considered simpler than Python. SQL focuses on querying databases, while Python is a versatile programming language with broader applications, potentially requiring more intricate problem-solving skills.
Yes, a non-IT person can learn SQL. Many courses cater to beginners and provide step-by-step guidance, making SQL accessible and understandable to anyone willing to learn.
Please see our SQL Courses courses available in Benin
The Knowledge Academy is the Leading global training provider for SQL Courses.
The training fees for SQL Courses in Benin starts from $1595
Show more down

Why we're the go to training provider for you

icon

Best price in the industry

You won't find better value in the marketplace. If you do find a lower price, we will beat it.

icon

Trusted & Approved

We are accredited by PeopleCert on behalf of AXELOS

icon

Many delivery methods

Flexible delivery methods are available depending on your learning style.

icon

High quality resources

Resources are included for a comprehensive learning experience.

barclays Logo
deloitte Logo
Thames Water Logo

"Really good course and well organised. Trainer was great with a sense of humour - his experience allowed a free flowing course, structured to help you gain as much information & relevant experience whilst helping prepare you for the exam"

Joshua Davies, Thames Water

santander logo
bmw Logo
Google Logo
cross

BIGGEST
BLACK FRIDAY SALE!

red-starWHO WILL BE FUNDING THE COURSE?

close

close

Thank you for your enquiry!

One of our training experts will be in touch shortly to go over your training requirements.

close

close

Press esc to close

close close

Back to course information

Thank you for your enquiry!

One of our training experts will be in touch shortly to go overy your training requirements.

close close

Thank you for your enquiry!

One of our training experts will be in touch shortly to go over your training requirements.